Present perfect simple

Formula: S + have/has + past participle

• In an action that began in the past, but we don’t know exactly when.

Ex.:
- I have (already) been to London.
- Have you studied for the test?
- They haven’t finished their Christmas play (yet).

Expressions to use:
-Yet (end of the sentence in negative),
-ever,
-never,
-just,
-already (after the verb have/has),
-since,
-for,
-recently (begin of the sentence)

Questions tags:

• These exercises are easy, aren’t they?

• Miguel is nice, isn’t he?

Passive voice

How to do it:

• Sublinhar o verbo
• Identificar o tempo verbal
• Aplicar a regra: to be + past particle

Ex:

● O Pedrinho come a maçã.
A maçã é comida pelo Pedrinho.

● O Tiaguinho comeu o bolo.
O bolo foi comido pelo Tiaguinho.

● Inês bakes a cake everyday. (present simple)
A cake is baked by Inês everyday.

● Joana cleaned the house. (past simple)
The house was cleaned by Joana.

Countables and uncountables nouns

Countables
● Things that you can count.

Ex.:
- Pen, table, day, …
- How many…?

Uncountables
● Things that you aren’t able to count.

Ex.:
- water, rice, money, …
- How much…?

Modal verbs

A. Ability

● Can / can't / cannot / could (Present /future)
● Could / couldn't / could not (Past)

Ex.:
- She can play piano.
- They can’t study alone.


B. Possibility

● May / might / could / may not / might not / could not / couldn’t (Present/future)
● Might have / may have / could have (past)

Ex.:
- Jane might go to the party.
- Jess may win the competition.


C. Permission

● Can /can’t / may/ may not

Ex.:
- Teacher, sorry I'm late. May I come in?
- Dad, can I go to the party?


D. Certainty/ Obligation

● Must / mustn't / must not (present / future)
● Must have (past)

Ex.:
- You must obey the school's rules.
- Tomorrow you have a Maths test. You must study!


E. Advice

● Should / shouldn't (present/ future)
● Should have (past)

Ex.:
- I think you should talk to them.
- Should he go to the doctor?

"Future will" + infinitive

• Something you decide at the moment;
• When we aren't sure;
• Intentions.

"Be going to "+ infinitive

• For planned actions
• Aff: I'm going to surf on Monday
• Neg:They aren't going to dance this Saturday.
• Int:Are you going to study on weekend?